November 4, 2011

On the Threshold.



I have long been fascinated by thresholds.  As a child I'd sneak up to my grandmothers' doorsteps and leave baskets of freshly picked nosegays to celebrate the arrival of spring in the garden.
Years later, as a garden apprentice in California, I'd put on my garden clogs at the bottom of the stairs and ascend to the scented coolness of my neighbors’ garden.
Today, I arrange relics around the front door of my house: clay pots filled with flowers, stones collected from beach walks, cascading flowering vines, and Tibetan bells at the gate.
Whether we're journeying through gardens or through life, we cross thresholds: stopping places where we take stock of what has been and what will become. To thresh in its earliest form meant "to tread or trample." A threshold, then, is literally a piece of timber or stone below the bottom of a door that we "tread" over when we enter a space. Threshold has several figurative meanings as well: an entrance or beginning, the border or limit of a region, and the starting point of any undertaking or journey. Thresholds are places poised in the present, the "nowness" between past and future. They are contemplative intervals, pauses that at the same time suggest boundaries and passages.
What does this have to do with gardens?  Thresholds organize otherwise undifferentiated space, where one realm meets another: the primrose path and the hosta garden, the herb garden and the orchard, the fenced-in front garden and the street, the meadow and the forest. Thresholds allow us to make sense of differences that separate the world of the garden from the world outside.

Crossing a threshold is like being lost in a desert and coming upon an oasis.  At the entrance to this garden, you pause and gape unbelievingly at the riches within. Here you understand the gestalt of the space. You see that this place is not a mirage.
So a threshold is a savoring place.

Without it, we move unimpeded from one extreme to another, bumping up against experiential and spatial dissonances without cease. With it, we have a point of graceful anticipation and delight, a spot in which to slow down and move onward with dignity rather than with haste.

Diagram the thresholds in your own garden. They may be made of pieced or natural stone, wood, or brick, have hedged or masonry "walls" and even a built or openwork "ceiling." In general, four kinds of thresholds can be found in a garden setting: the gateway, the doorstep, the stepping stone, and the viewing threshold.






Adding a gate to the entrance of your property or between one area and another adds clarity and character to your grounds.

Depending upon the design of the house and its place in the landscape, the gate may be rustic or formal, two-or three-dimensional almost a small outdoor room, like a pergola, with benches facing each other. Roses or wisteria, hydrangea or clematis vines might climb over its roof. Pots spilling with flowers might grace the path leading to the gateway, which could be elevated a few steps above street and garden for a better view out and in. From this vantage point you see the house enshrined through the gate posts and take a moment to consider its details. If you're a guest, you can adjust your hat, put on lipstick, or think of your greeting; if you're the proprietor, you can ponder and admire the world you have created.
In the form of a doorstep, a threshold is a way to move from house to landscape and back again. When attached to the house, the doorstep could be a small outdoor room, such as a porch, portal, porte cochere, anteroom, foyer, portico, or vestibule. These elements are not only part of the architecture of your house but also part of the structure of your garden. The doorstep holds the potential for bringing aspects of both house and garden into play. A cottage gardener might grow pillar roses, trumpet, or honeysuckle vines up and over the front door, stuffing plants at the base of the front steps and setting them in pots, both inside and outside the door.

A painter might employ one color for the exterior of the house, another for the landscape elements, and bring them together with new colors found only inside the house. When you throw open the door to your house, is there discord or a continuation of the garden aesthetic?


The villas of the French Riviera, where the climate is congenial, demonstrate well the relationship between inside and out.

Witness the Cote d' Azur's fine villa La Chevre d'Or in Eze. Beach stone patios and terraces ascend in steps to a large, arched doorway that penetrates the stucco facade, uniting the whole.
Sometimes thresholds are tiny moments in time rather than room like intervals. For instance, stepping-stones foot-size flat rocks that keep your shoes from getting muddy form the path. Every once in a while, in a seemingly random pattern, a larger stone interrupts the path's flow. Here you can place two feet, stop, and look up. This stopping stone within the garden becomes a subtle viewing position, a place to let you know where you're going next on the journey.
Farther along the path, you might cross a piece of curbing that forms a sill over which the stepping-stones are set, signaling the realm of the man-made as opposed to the natural. This kind of threshold divides a small space into increments and thereby distends it, making it seem much larger than it is.
Another kind of threshold allows the mind to travel beyond the dimensions of the garden.

A body of water-placed before a distant view underscores and captures the landscape beyond the garden's boundaries.
A hedge, parapet, or low wall becomes a "trimming line."



Even the very barest of thresholds can suggest the median between one extreme of emotion and another. Urban planner Kevin Lynch found that "many people, if asked to describe the ideal house of their fantasy, will sketch one from whose front door one steps onto a lively urban promenade, while at the rear there is only silent countryside."If a single door divides excitement and serenity, he says, the pleasures are sharpened on either side by the thought of what lies beyond. Imagine such disparate images in your garden; imagine the significance of its thresholds!
In the end, it is from your own gateway, doorstep, stopping stone, or viewing threshold that the soul of your garden becomes most apparent.


October 11, 2011

The stately homes of ‘Masterpiece Interiors’



Not suitable for people with irony deficiency.


I’ve pretty much decided that the real point of Masterpiece Theater, or, to be more precise, of British television drama, are the locations and interiors. They give British TV its appeal and period punch. The sets that define time and place with exactly the right drawing room or dressing room, boudoir or ballroom, or the aspidistra by the door. We gorge on it. We wallow in it.


The sets! The frocks! Poirot’s Art Deco flat, Lady Marjorie's morning room, the exquisitely detailed sense of class induced a wave of nostalgia for the glories that have held the vid-lit set glued to its tellys for over forty years: The Forsyte Saga, The Jewel in the Crown, and, above all,



Brideshead Revisited, that well furnished tale of Baroque palaces and Venetian palazzi in which even the revelation of character is connected to the architecture. 



"Is the dome by Inigo Jones, too?" inquires the earnest Charles Ryder.  To which Sebastian Flyte, the insouciant aristocrat, replies, "Oh, Charles, don't be such a tourist. What does it matter when it was built, if it's pretty."


But tourists we are, in an England that's a giant video theme park filled with stately homes complete with an affable tour guide.
"Good evening," intoned Alistair Cooke, every man's Englishman (even if he was an American citizen for decades), from his easy chair, welcoming us into his electronic parlor, himself an inescapable part of the decor.  After his departure a plethora of other distinguished hosts followed. 
Britain, on the other hand, had to make do without Mr.Cooke or any host. There is a general feeling that the audience can manage on its own, although it seems to me that we ought to return the favor by sending one of ours to host American television programs, explaining us to them.

The Brits, let it be said, produce plenty of teletrash: dreary suburban sitcoms, tacky variety shows, worthy, mind-numbing docudramas concerning oppression with not a decent sofa in sight.  Still, Charles said; "British TV is the least worst in the world."
In choosing materials for drama on the box, the Brits do have a certain feel for what works in a medium where small is better and a pair of talking heads in a well appointed drawing room holds you in a way that scenic vistas never can. On a television screen, squashed spear carriers on a large battlefield usually resemble nothing so much as termites in a commercial for pest control.
But give us a prettily dressed Edwardian boudoir, give us a Queen Anne table laden with family photographs in silver frames,














Production Designer Eve Stewart's sketches for 165 Eaton Place

or Sherlock’s flat with a head in the fridge, a skull on the mantel, a violin to set your teeth on edge, and wallpaper that will induce insomnia, dish it up with lashings of good writing - in British television, good writers are everywhere - and we are theirs.
Dickens, it is often said, would be working at the BBC if he were alive. Written for serialization, Dickens's novels make great mini-series and Hard Times (produced by Granada Television), Bleak House (produced by BBC), and Nicholas Nickleby (Mobil Showcase Network) have all been successfully adapted.  
In Britain, Anthony Trollope and Thomas Hardy are standard fare, as are Agatha Christie, Dorothy Sayers, and P.D.James. There is, in fact, nothing like a classic English murder, with plenty of gore on the chintz and a corpse on the Chippendale chair, to stir an Anglophile's blood.
For a more contemporary fare the BBC turned to John Ie Carre's Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy and Smiley's People.
"But can't we have more period drama? Can't we have more smashing interiors?"
And period drama and smashing interiors we got.  Vintage trains, trams and cars. Grand hotels and pukka drinking clubs littered the landscape.  BBC and Granada have vast studio facilities: costume designers, camera crews, art directors, prop shops, sound stages.  

Schoolboys in boaters, punts on the river, and the "dreaming spires" of British academe have always been prime fodder for the flocks.

Nineteen twenty-four, the year in which Brideshead Revisited is set, was prime.
The end of the nineteenth century, when Queen Victoria was on her throne, has lent us all those overstuffed chaises, the fringed lamp shades, the swagged drapes, and pink silk sofas.

Nineteen-thirteen, just before the Edwardian daydream ended, was a good vintage, and the twenties and thirties provided the stylized Art Deco ambiance for many a series.

As with wine, I guess, the passage of time alters the perception of good years in television and film…
There are, naturally, those who think there's far too much interior decorating on British TV, that you can't see the story for the bric-a-brac, that, fixated by the detail, we miss the big picture. "This is so bloody British," says a character in Fortunes of War. "The Balkans are going up in flames and someone is coming out to lecture the wogs about poetry."
British film and television producer Verity Lambert once recalled a really obsessed designer at London Weekend Television.
"Whatever show he was doing," recalled Lambert, "he used the same piece of furniture over and over. It was a very old, button-backed, leather chesterfield sofa."
I’ll take it.

October 5, 2011

Curtain Calls.


Research for house restoration projects often leads me into stranger waters than you may imagine.
I recently came across a most interesting stage setting for Tristan & Isolde, I became riveted by the curtains of the set. In this version Isolde’s 5th Century world has beautiful curtains in gorgeous colors.  Which left me wondering –what made the set designer decide to give Isolde such an anachronistic, if lovely, curtain call?  
In Isolde’s time curtains, for windows at least, were non-existent. You would probably find wooden shutters- glass would be a thing of the future. Tapestries were used to alleviate the boredom of bare interior walls, and drapery was also employed as a draught excluder between rooms or across recessed alcoves, an expedient dating back to the Hellenic period. (Remember poor old Polonius finding himself behind the wrong arras at the wrong time in the twelfth-century Denmark of Hamlet).
Thirteenth-century Italian frescoes show domestic scenes with hangings on a more intimate scale: around beds and even baths. Not entirely surprising since, until around 1600, beds were usually located in the main living room of the house; the only way to achieve some measure of privacy (and warmth) was to draw the curtains around you, snuff the candle and hope for the best. In medieval times, curtains were also used to enhance the status of the great and the good in the form of a canopy over their dais. Apart from being conveniently cosy in a chilly Great Hall, this had another practical function: protecting the sitter from bird droppings - and subsequent brutafigura.
By the 1570s, while hanging materials of all sorts were commonplace, there is still little mention in contemporary literature or art of curtains for windows. The Elizabethan writer William Harrison refers in his Description of England: ‘even unto the inferior artificers and many farmers, who have also learned to garnish their cupboards with plate, their joined beds with tapestries and silk hangings, and their tables with carpets and fine draperie, whereby the wealth of our countrie dooth infinetely appeare’. Now that glazed windows were more prevalent and shutters excluded the elements, curtains were rare. Moreover, most welcomed the dawn as a natural alarm clock and only the very affluent could afford the luxury of 'lying abed' and preventing early day-light from disturbing their slumbers.
Window-curtains first appeared as an interior-design feature in Northern Europe in the 1670s, hanging simply in pairs, on rings and rods. Eventually, the latter, being thought unsightly, were hidden behind a pelmet, which became more or less standard after 1720. Around 1690, a mechanism appeared by means of which a single curtain could be drawn up by cords and pulleys. Some of these curtains were set into the window embrasure and others on a projecting pulley-board, which made a useful base for the pelmet.
Stimulated by the taste for elaborate bed-hangings during the baroque era, curtain-making became very sophisticated. The eighteenth century saw the introduction of blinds and, in 1741, The Craftsman advertised 'Spring Curtains and Blinds for Windows of a new Invention, Convenient to keep the Sun off in Summer, or the cold winds from coming in between the Sashes in Winter, and particularly necessary in Rooms up Stairs in narrow Streets, where the opposite Windows overlook each other'.  By the end of the century, the window-curtain was well established and available in a bewildering selection of fabrics, hues and patterns. Coordination in texture, pattern and color between upholstered furniture, wallpaper and, of course, bed-hangings became fashionable; arbiters of taste such as Robert Adam designed elaborate pelmets and often made suggestions as to the curtains themselves. Rooms became increasingly reliant on curtains to create an atmosphere, be it an exuberant rococo froth, complete with tassels, fringes and generous tiebacks or an austere recreation of classical Rome. 
The style wars of the nineteenth century found, in the window-curtain, a reliable foot soldier. Whether Greek, Gothic or Jacobean revival, the curtain took up its position and defended it stoutly. Horrible confusion ensued, prompting Walter Crane to write: 'every species of design debauchery is indulged in upon carpets, curtains, chintzes and wall-papers.'  Technology produced the brass curtain rail, with its machine-tooled runners, and the metallic 'whish' of curtains drawn morning and evening by the housemaid entered the sound archive of Victorian consciousness.
Perhaps because of association with the stage variety, window-curtains have never lost their theatrical impact:  Scarlett O'Hara used them to run up a convincing, if rather heavy, ensemble with which to seduce Rhett; Pip dragged down the dust-laden tatters in Miss Havisham's dining room in an attempt to save her, and (if you count shower curtains) the psychotic Norman Bates's victim clutches at the translucent folds to devastating effect. Over to you, Isolde.


October 3, 2011

The Circle in the Square




He was either Austrian or Swiss, or possibly from southern Germany.  But it was certain that he was not in the mood to be asked. It was also clear that he and his wife were seriously lost, yet still determined not to ask the way. Each time you passed them they looked even more perplexed. 

Everyone else trapped in the Longleat Maze that bright autumn day looked happy, dashing along the paths, breathless and intrigued, calling out to one another. You could hear their voices drifting over the six-foot-high hedges-
"Where are you?"
"Over here!"
"Follow my voice ... "
"There's a hedge in the way."
But then none of these people had been in the maze as long as the couple in matching loden coats. The man looked cross and hot, lifting his trilby to wipe a brow glistening with the sweat of exasperation, while his wife stumbled along beside him, placatory and puzzled. They had lost, quite evidently, any semblance of a sense of humor. 

Of all things, a sense of humor is essential in a maze, that maddening, elusive pattern of close-clipped hedges and winding pathways that leads you around in circles before eventually setting you free. When you return for the fifth time to the same place in the space of twenty minutes-each time along a different route-you need something to sponge down your irritation. And a sense of humor, by this time, is all you will probably have left. Certainly any sense of direction will have vanished, once your concentration wavers. 

For thousands of years-long before the arrival of computer games-the puzzle of the maze amused and entertained mankind. Over the millennia it has provided protection from evil spirits, decoration for homes even symbolic form to the idea of a path from birth through life to death and beyond. It has been used for courting (a favorite place for Tudor trysts); for religious processions (the line of worshippers never once crossing); as a form of contemplation and penance (monks supposedly shuffling along the stony paths on their knees); and, even now, for fertility rites-a gamekeeper in Hampshire is always having to move couples on from one particular maze site. 

From the deserts of Arizona to the Baltic coastline of Sweden; from Italy to India; from Chile to Celtic Britain; from wavering Bronze Age rock carvings and medieval stone-and-turf designs to the more recent and the more formal garden variety built of evergreens such as yew and holly, the pattern of the maze has appeared throughout history with mystifying regularity in a score of unrelated cultures. Yet there exists no concrete consensus regarding its origin, its age, or the manner in which the design was disseminated so widely around the world. The various arguments and debates over the provenance and significance of the maze are as complex and convoluted as the narrow, twisting paths themselves. 

In the British Isles there are more than a hundred mazes open to the public and many more hidden away on private estates and in country gardens. (Indeed, only the Japanese can equal the British enthusiasm for this most arcane of garden ornamentation, more surprising still when you consider the premium attached to space in that crowded kingdom.) From Macbeth's Cawdor Castle in the northern reaches of Scotland to the rocky Scilly Isles in the far southwest, from formal hedge mazes to medieval patterns on village greens, from stained-glass windows to cathedral floors, the British have an enduring affection for the puzzle of the maze. There are even tiled maze patterns on the walls of the Warren Street Underground station in central London-a witty play on the word "warren." 


Hedge mazes are perhaps the best known form, and the granddaddy of them all is at Hampton Court Palace on the banks of the river Thames a few miles outside central London. Planted between 1689 and 1690 by William of Orange, it boasts a design that has been copied again and again in places as far apart as Australia and North America. Of course, if the celebrated eighteenth-century landscape gardener Lancelot "Capability" Brown, who tended to the maze, had had his way, this would never have happened. Well known for his love of "natural" rolling landscapes, Brown was responsible for the destruction of many fine mazes in his pursuit of a pure, classical perspective, and it was only on the strict instructions of George III that the Hampton Court Maze survived his attentions. 


If Hampton Court possesses the oldest hedge maze in the country, then Longleat House in Wiltshire-the stately home of the Marquess of Bath and a fine Elizabethan mansion that has been in the Thynne family for more than four hundred years-has the largest, indeed, the largest in the world. Planted in the mid-'70s, at a time when members of the British aristocracy were hard-pressed to raise sufficient funds to cover the enormous costs of running their estates, and opened to the public soon after, the maze comprises no fewer than sixteen thousand English yew trees enclosing a path more than a mile and a half long. Get lost at Longleat, and-even with the help of the discreetly concealed maze plans strategically placed along its length ("LIFT IF LOST") and the elevated bridges that offer at least some overview-you can stay lost for a very long time.
"We've had some in there for close to three hours," warned a gatekeeper at the entrance to the park.
"Had to send someone in to show them the way out. Even with the maze plans, it can be a devil of a job. Of course, there's some clever clogs done it in twenty minutes, but they're rare. Reckon on forty, forty-five minutes as an average."


Someone who came close to being a "clever clog" was Lindsay Heyes, who owns and runs the Jubilee Maze in Hereford and Worcester with his brother Edward, and whose enthusiasm for and knowledge of mazes-from construction to significance- knows no bounds. When he tried the Longleat Maze, he reckoned on having solved its puzzle in a little over six minutes but, distracted by his wife, spent two hours trying to get out. Back at his own maze, however, close to the winding river Wye at Symonds Yat West, you could send him in blindfolded and he'd probably still find his way out in a respectable amount of time.

Planted by the Heyes brothers in 1977 ("So you know who to blame if you get lost"), the Jubilee Maze is patterned on the Renaissance-style "labyrinth of love," a design that enjoyed huge popularity between 1560 and 1650. Although the word "labyrinth" technically means a single path with no dead ends, false pathways, choices, or puzzles, the Heyes version has every trick in the book to deceive and mislead those who set foot in it.
But it's not about getting lost, it's about having fun. After all, mazes are about playing games.  Which is exactly what happens inside the Heyes maze: Along any of its twenty-five pathways (thirteen are blind) you'll come across acrobats riding unicycles, or clowns on stilts taking the eight foot hedges in their stride.
Made of thick and aromatic emerald-colored Lawson's cypress, the Jubilee Maze is not only well managed-the Heyes brothers also oversee a maze museum and a well-stocked puzzle shop-but remarkably well kept for an attraction open to the public: Its pathways are wide enough for wheelchairs, its blind alleys and dead ends appropriately furnished with love seats, its hedges suitably tall, full, and healthy.


But it's no easy task maintaining the fabric of a maze. With tens of thousands of visitors passing through each year, paths and hedge walls are easy prey to thinning and wear after a long, dry summer the hedges at Hampton Court can look most forlorn; constant attention is the byword. Most of the oldest Anglo-Saxon stone-and-turf mazes, of which there were once approximately a hundred, have been lost forever, while many hedge mazes, particularly neglected during the World Wars, fell into disrepair, from which some never recovered.
Near Lowestoft, Somerleyton Hall, once owned by the man who built Nelson's Column, the yew hedges that make up this spacious, classically proportioned maze are the same that were planted in 1846 by the landscape gardener William Nesfield. That they have survived intact and in such good condition is due in part to a daring use of pruning shears. By the early 1970s, the hedges had grown so thick, narrowing the paths, that something had to be done. First, one side of the hedges was shorn back to the main stem, then allowed to grow back over a three-year period before the process was repeated on the other side. Within six years, the maze had been successfully renovated without losing any of the original yews. With the hedge cut back so drastically, it seemed a good idea to protect the maze from people trying to push through the hedges in desperation. So they took the opportunity to fit a wire mesh in the middle of each hedge.  While it successfully deters humans from breaking through from one path to another, it's a precaution that fails to stop the Jack Russell, from burrowing underneath from one path to the next whenever he tires of the eight-hundred-yard trek-or spots a squirrel.

Most hedge mazes-like Somerleyton, Longleat, and Hampton Court-are built on level ground. The odd man out is the Glendurgan Maze in Cornwall, planted some thirteen years earlier than the Somerleyton Maze. It stands in the middle of a twenty-five-acre garden, now owned by the National Trust, hat leads down through a steep valley to the old fishing hamlet of Durgan on the river Helford. Lushly subtropical, with palms and rare conifers, bamboos and tree ferns, and a riot of magnolias, rhododendrons, and camellias, the gardens are a delight to walk through, the higher paths offering a fine overview of the intestinal meandering of the maze that climbs the side of the valley. Though its free-flowing cherry laurel hedges are low enough to see over, that advantage is negated by the sloping paths that can soon exhaust, and infuriate, visitors, should they take too long to find the way out.


As deceptive as the paths they weave is the impression that all mazes are as old as, if not older than, the one at Hampton Court. For instance at Hever Castle, the ancestral home of the Boleyn family, the maze which is planted between the castle's twin moats-is so in keeping with the late-medieval battlements that shadow it and the prevailing Tudor atmosphere that it's easy to imagine Henry VIII courting Anne Boleyn along its narrow pathways. In fact, the maze was planted only at the beginning of the twentieth-century, when the whole estate was sold to the American millionaire and philanthropist William Waldorf Astor.


In the case of stone-and-turf mazes-those winding, circular patterns cut out of the ground-the impression that they are magical sites used in ancient rituals and dating from time immemorial is, in most cases, quite accurate. Among the most notable are the seventeenth-century turf mazes at Saffron Walden in Essex, Hilton in Cambridgeshire, and Breamore in Hampshire.

Occupying the eastern corner of the town's common, Saffron Walden's maze is the world's largest surviving turf labyrinth, an impressive seventeen-ring medieval Christian design with a total diameter of 132 feet and a pathway paved with a single track of 6,400 bricks laid end to end. With its grass-covered banks, mounds, and ditches, it has a distinctly prehistoric air, reminiscent of ancient dolmens, and it could easily have stood here in one form or another for much longer than the town records suggest. The earliest official mention of the maze was made in 1699, when the local guild agreed to pay "15s.0d [15 shillings and no pennies] ... for cutting ye maze at ye end of ye common." Whatever its provenance, the maze has always been popular with the townspeople, especially during the eighteenth century, when it became a gathering place of the young men of the district who have a system of rules connected with walking the maze, and wagers in gallons of beer are frequently won and lost.

Equally popular was the Hilton turf maze, farther north in Cambridgeshire, also dating from the seventeenth century and one of the most striking examples of its kind: a deeply trenched nine-ring pattern of loops and spirals, decorated at its center with a stone plinth that honors-in Latin-its creator, William Sparrow, "born 1641, died at the age of 88, formed these circuits in 1660." Like Saffron Walden, the maze Sparrow cut could easily have been predated by an earlier form, but again official records fail to support the hypothesis.
Despite their excellent condition and historical associations, neither of these mazes quite compares in age or atmosphere to the Breamore maze in Hampshire, nine miles south of Salisbury. Said to be more than a thousand years old, the Breamore maze is on the grounds of the Breamore House, an Elizabethan mansion of red brick and jutting gables that has been in the Hulse family for ten generations. To reach the maze, you must hike through oak and beech woods that echo with the honking calls of pheasants, the scurry of squirrels, and, according to legend, the occasional ghostly rattle of a phantom carriage (the path was once a highway for mail and passenger coaches). The Breamore maze recalls a time when the passage of the moon and the rites of the seasons dictated certain arcane religious practices played out on it’s tightly wound circuit. Interestingly, the distance from house to maze, approximately one mile, is also the length of the maze itself half a mile in and half a mile out-which comes as something of a surprise when you consider its modest eighty-seven-foot diameter. Pity the poor monks from a nearby monastery, now long gone, who were said to have won absolution for their sins by shuffling along its length on their knees.


Not all stone-and-turf mazes are necessarily old. Like Hever Castle, Chenies Manor in Buckinghamshire dates from the thirteenth century, though the central portions of the house were built around 1460, with various sixteenth-century additions. It would be reasonable, therefore, to assume that the Chenies turf maze-in a corner of the kitchen gardens shadow led by the village church-is of comparable age. Not so: The maze was actually laid out in 1983. According to the current owners of the house the pattern for their late-twentieth-century maze was taken from a sixteenth-century portrait (now hanging in nearby Woburn Abbey) of Edward, Lord Russell, grandson of the first Earl of Bedford, whose family owned Chenies for more than four hundred years. In the background, over Russell's right shoulder, a maze can clearly be seen with the apt Latin inscription, "FATA VIAM INVENIENT" the fates will find a way.


In addition to stately home hedge mazes and numerous stone-and-turf designs cut into village greens, there are a number of other maze forms around England, ranging from the twin rock carvings near Tintagel in north Cornwall-plate-size spirals said to date from 1800 B.c.



-to the mosaic wall maze in the Church of St. Laurence in the Cotswolds village of Wyck Rissington. It was in the latter, incidentally, that the composer Gustav Holst worked as choirmaster and organist-his first professional engagement-for the sum of £4 ($8) a year.


Churches may seem, at first, a strange home for mazes-symbols of early pagan rather than medieval Christian beliefs- but some churches have incorporated the designs into their structures, since the maze so fittingly reflects the Christian messages of pilgrimage and redemption.
The maze has a built-in dynamism the pattern may be static, but it demands movement, progression, even though the path is only four inches wide and you need agile ankles to get around. It is also a marvelous peg on which to hang preachings, a productive and creative means of conveying the Christian message.
At Ely Cathedral in Cambridgeshire, its towers rising dramatically above the flat lands that surround it, an even larger maze pattern, designed by Sir Gilbert Scott and laid during restoration work in 1870, is set inside the west door.  Here, as at Breamore, the maze's proportions are significant: The length of its path-215 feet-is exactly the height of the tower that soars above it.



There's a theory that the maze was laid at the entrance to confuse the Devil and stop him from entering. Apparently the Devil can't resist the challenge of a maze, so the idea is that he follows the path to the center and then follows it out again, leading him back to the cathedral door. In other words, he can never get into the church.  A similar practice was once common in Sweden, where fishermen believed in evil little people who tried to cut holes in their fishing nets; the fishermen would lead these foes into the center of a stone labyrinth, then turn and run out as fast as they could, trapping the little people inside. The Swedes believed that this would ensure calm waters and safe fishing.

Tile mazes like Ely and Batheaston are usually classic patterns copied from other mazes around the world-the Batheaston maze, for instance, is based on a maze in France, at the Abbey of St. Bertin at St.-Orner (destroyed in the eighteenth century).

One totally original pavement conception, however, is the Tudor rose maze at Kentwell Hall in Suffolk. The previous courtyard, enclosed by three sides of the house, was made up of hogging [a loose mixture of clay and light stone].  It is probably the largest pavement maze in the world.

Appropriately, the design chosen was a giant seventy-foot Tudor rose to celebrate, in 1985, the five-hundredth anniversary of the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. Incorporated within this formal rose pattern are many Tudor references-facsimile signatures of each Tudor monarch, mythical beasts (a dragon, for example), and suitable symbols (a galleon) are etched into the fifteen diamonds that form a circle of thorns.  Unlike other maze patterns, the object of the rose is not necessarily to reach the center but to find your way from the house to the garden on paths that include regular junctions, or brick-patterned bridges and underpasses. It is a fiendishly complicated maze that invigorates and depresses in about equal measures, without the protection of hedges to conceal your humiliation and irritation. The only good thing to say for this hellish brainteaser is that when you've had enough, you can admit defeat by simply walking off it.
Which is more than you can say for Longleat. By now its late afternoon, and the couple from Salzburg, Zurich, or Munich have taken approximately two and a half hours to get out of the maze. There is a look of relief on their faces, even the shadow of a smile, which quickly vanishes when they discover that the Longleat Safari Park, which they had also intended to visit, closed twenty minutes before their release.